Dickcissels in Dearborn

(Edited 25 Jun with new data)
 
There are at least a dozen Dickcissels (maybe more) in the wildflower fields at Ford Road and Mercury. Note that the fields are marked "No trespassing," so if you visit, please scan from a roadside and be careful of traffic. I first heard these birds on 18 June. My husband Darrin O'Brien saw a bird carrying food later that day, indicating that they are probably nesting. Our survey on 24 June located at least 10 singing males and 2 females. There are also dozens of Savannah Sparrows in this field.

On 20 June, Jim Fowler and Dave Washington located two more Dickcissels in the fields on the south side of Lundy Parkway. Darrin had 9 there on 21 June, and we had eight on 24 June.


The two small wildflower fieldshave two birds. So, at least around two dozen Dickcissels in Dearborn!

The last Dickcissel record in Dearborn was from 1 July 1907! The only other confirmed record I could find when researching my book on Dearborn birds was a flock near the Rouge River from 30 July 1899. Three of these birds were collected, and I have examined the specimens in the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology in Ann Arbor. All of these records are attributed to "Springwells." Dearborn's present borders were established in 1929; prior to that portions were known as Fordson and/or Springwells. I believe the 1907 record was from somewhere near what is now Rotunda and Schaefer in Dearborn. The route of the Rouge River has also been altered since 1899, but I think that the 1899 specimens are also from Dearborn.

Long time, no see! The last Dickcissel record from Dearborn was in 1907.This male, 20 June 2012.
Photo by Cathy Carroll, used with permission, all rights reserved.

Female Dickcissel, Dearborn, 20 June 2012.
Photo by Cathy Carroll, used with permission, all rights reserved.

Dickcissels are specialist birds that depend on grasslands. They are known for their unpredictable, semi-nomadic movements, in particular outside of their core prairie habitat in the Great Plains. It's hard to know where they'll show up from year to year.  While they can be quite adaptable and will use non-prairie grassland habitats, the loss of native prairie has been a factor in dramatic population declines. These little birds winter far into South America, mostly in the grasslands of central Venezuela. They winter in huge flocks and can be considered pests on grain farms. They are hunted and poisoned regularly, which no doubt has contributed to declines in their numbers.

The wildflower fields the Dickcissels are using have a high diversity of herbaceous plants which are required by the birds for song perches and nesting substrate. In the great photos above, by Cathy Carroll, the birds are perched on Gray-headed Coneflowers  (Ratibida pinnata), a wonderful native wildflower. The wildflowers also provide for a wide diversity and abundance of insect prey, especially grasshoppers and butterfly and moth larvae, which are needed to raise their young.

Many of the fields planted by Ford Motor Company are sunflowers or hay fields. Those that have wildflowers are the least manipulated by mowing or disturbance and have the most interesting birds. Perhaps this will encourage Ford to convert more of the fields to wildflowers!

Catbird success!

One of our research projects at RRBO is a joint project with Dr. Melissa Bowlin, a faculty member here at UM-Dearborn. Last fall, we placed light-level geologgers (or geolocators) on a sample of Gray Catbirds on campus. Catbirds are one of our most frequently banded birds. These tiny devices measure light several times daily. If placed on a migrating bird, they will record data that can be used to calculate latitude and longitude when compared with sunrise and sunset times and light levels at noon in different geographic locations.

This data can give us a wealth of information on the pace and route of migration, and wintering areas.

There is a catch (pun fully intended). In order to get the data, the bird must survive a full migration, return to the original banding location the next year, and be recaptured so the geolocator can be removed and the data downloaded. Last fall, we placed a colored leg band on each of the catbirds which also carried a geolocator, so we could more easily re-find any birds that returned this year.

Well, I couldn't have been happier to find one of our color-banded catbirds singing right behind the Environmental Interpretive Center (EIC). Once I was sure he was going to stay put, I set up three nets between two of his favorite singing perches. While I was setting the nets up, I caught a catbird I presumed might be his mate. It was banded, and turned out to be a bird we banded as a hatching-year bird in August 2008.

Nets set up on either side of the driveway to the rear of the
Environmental Interpretive Center. Hard to see? Good!

Very early the next morning it was time to try to catch "the" bird, and Dana Wloch and Darrin O'Brien joined me. Often, territorial male birds will investigate another singing individual of his own species. We placed an iPod playing a loop of a singing catbird behind one of the nets. Sometimes that's enough, but it usually helps to have a stuffed "singer" near the recording. I didn't have a stuffed catbird handy, but I did have a study skin of a European Starling.  He'd have to do.

Vulgaris the Starling Dummy. iPod playing a catbird song in the background.

Once we were set up, it was step back and wait. Our target catbird began singing, and he came in closer to the nets to investigate. Within minutes he swooped over one net, and over the next. Then again. And again. Uh-oh. These nets are kind of hard to see, but it looked like our bird had figured out our ploy and was avoiding them.

Dana and Darrin, dejected. We thought we were in for a long morning.

After about 10 minutes, the catbird flew from behind one net headed back to his usual singing spot and ventured a little too low. Bingo! In the net. We quickly retrieved him.

Joy!

It didn't take long to take him into the banding lab, remove his geolocator and green band (so we didn't go after him again), and take some measurements so we could let him go.

Three happy catbird catchers, and the subject ready to be released.

This catbird, which was carrying geolocator #929, was the last catbird we put a device on last fall, on 29 September 2011. The bird had originally been banded as an adult on 10 August 2010.

The well-traveled geolocator.

Dr. Bowlin is out of state on another field study, and when she returns she will download the data from the device. Then, it will take some additional time to analyze. Sometimes due to weather or time spent in shaded spots by the birds, the data may difficult to interpret. Hopefully, we'll get good data from this bird, as well as any other catbirds that return that we recapture.

And we have already located the favorite singing perch of another color-banded catbird. I hate to report that we have tried catching this bird for several days and have come pretty close, but so far he seems to be on to us and prefers singing about 10 yards from the nets. We also have a tentative sighting of a third bird, and have some areas left to survey for catbird pairs. I'm optimistic we will be able to retrieve a few more geolocators this season.

About half of our catbirds were sponsored by donors last fall. Unfortunately #929 did not have a sponsor, so we didn't get to provide fun news to one of our supporters.

North American Migration Count 2012

The North American Migration Count takes place the second Saturday each May. It aims to take a "snapshot" of migration, and is compiled on a county basis. My husband Darrin is the coordinator for Wayne County, and as usual we covered the city of Dearborn together on May 12.

Spring migration this year got off to a great start the first week in May. We had very good numbers of early migrants the last week in April into the first week in May. There was a nice influx that included some mid-season migrants on May 3. Within a few days, however, things began to slow down. On migration count day, we tallied a disappointing 70 species on campus. Warblers in particular were very scarce, with only ten species. Yellow-rumped Warblers had been dwindling, but were absent on count day. Many people commented on the high numbers of White-crowned Sparrows this season, but on count day we had only a few, and no White-throated Sparrows. Our best bird on campus was a Gray-cheeked Thrush, the first of the season.

Darrin taking a quick break on campus during the count. Sometimes,
having too few birds is more tiring than having too many!

We added eight more species at other locations in Dearborn. The original Ford "sunflower field" at Hubbard and Southfield had a minimum of two dozen Bobolinks on May 7, but none stuck around for the count.

The Rouge River at Kingfisher Bluff behind Henry Ford
Community College.

Northern Rough-winged Swallows are nesting in the terra cotta
tubes poking out of the bank at Kingfisher Bluff behind Henry
Ford Community College.

The best bird of the day was an Orchard Oriole at Porath (Kielb) Park. This 11-acre property in a sparse residential area adjacent to railyards and an industrial border of Detroit was once a clay mine for bricks. In the 1940s, fill material from construction of I-94 was added. A federal brownfields grant was used to clean up contamination (still no digging allowed, according to warning signs) and it was turned into a park by the city in 2005. There are a variety of native plants there, but aside from a trail that is mowed through it, the park has not been maintained very well and it's becoming weedy and overgrown.

In addition to the oriole, Porath had two very good butterflies. One was a Common Checkered-Skipper (Pyrgus communis), a southern species that has been seen in southern Michigan with increasing frequency the last few years. Not only is this an uncommon species, this is a pretty early date to see them here. It's unlikely that the larvae (the stage in which they hibernate) can survive here overwinter, so the individuals we typically see are migrants from the south, or perhaps some progeny from these migrants which appear later in the season. Their host plants are in the mallow family, and I have seen them most commonly in vacant lots or neglected fields that are infested with velvet-leaf (Abutilon).

Here is my bad documentary photo of a Common Checkered-Skipper at
Porath Park. Click here for a much nicer shot of one in my Dearborn yard last fall.

We also saw another uncommon butterfly, an "Inornate" Common Ringlet (Coenonympha tullia inornata) When we found our first county record in 2003, it represented a substantial southern range expansion in the state (see my note in the newsletter of the Michigan Entomological Society here). This species now shows up all over the place in southern Michigan, moving south here as it has in New England and Ontario in the last decade or so. I failed to get a photo, but here's one Darrin took last fall in Oakland County.

Both the skipper and the ringlet have been observed on the UM-Dearborn campus as well.

Chimney Swift tower!

Chimney Swifts are probably familiar to most people: twittering "flying cigars" in our summer skies, feeding on aerial insects. Like other species of swifts, Chimney Swifts spend most of their time in the air, even mating and bathing on the wing. Chimney Swifts breed across much of eastern North America, and winter in the Amazon basin of northwestern South America.

Patient observers might note individual birds disappearing into tall chimneys during the breeding season. Chimney Swifts make a small nest of twigs, held together and glued with saliva to the inside wall of a chimney-like structure. Only one pair will nest per chimney or structure, but there may also be a few non-breeding swifts, some of which (usually young from a past year) may "help" the breeding swifts feed the young in the nest. Chimney Swifts use chimneys and similar structures outside the breeding season, too. During migration, especially in fall, many hundreds of swifts might use large chimneys to roost in overnight.

Prior to European settlement of North America, Chimney Swifts used hollow trees, caves, and narrow chasms. Their populations probably increased with the availability of human structures for nesting and roosting. However, in recent years Chimney Swift populations have undergone a dramatic decrease. In the U.S., this decline has been about 2.4% per year since the early 1980s; in Michigan the rate has been -1.5% annually (based on Breeding Bird Survey data).
 
Several factors are probably at play. Most important is a decrease in aerial insect prey, likely due to pesticide use, habitat loss, and a changing climate. Other species of birds that rely on aerial insects, such as Common Nighthawks and swallows, are also on the decline. Add to this a special problem for Chimney Swifts: chimney design has changed in modern times, with many chimneys being too narrow, or covered or lined, for swifts to use.

This has led many organizations and individuals to create artificial Chimney Swift nesting structures. This spring, Stephen Lisius constructed and erected one of these excellent towers behind the Environmental Interpretive Center as his Eagle Scout project.

Stephen designed the tower according to plans similar to the graphic above, which is available in the Chimney Swift Nest Site Research Project Information Handout (PDF). The tower was constructed off-site, and then erected onto a sturdy foundation that had been put in place the week before. Here's the tower in place:

The outside of the tower will be finished soon with weatherization wrap and shingles. Stephen also plans to install a camera, so if/when swifts discover and use the tower, we can see what's going on. We may have to be very patient -- some towers go for years before they are used. I'll keep you posted!

If you are interested in learning more about these towers or even seeing if you'd like to make one yourself, the book Chimney Swift Towers: New Habitat for America's Mysterious Birds is the go-to guide.


Meanwhile, you might consider one of the swift monitoring projects. The program called Swift Night Out is done each fall in the U.S. Bird Studies Canada has initiated a citizen swift monitoring program as well.





Chimney Swift photo by D. Irving under a Creative Commons license. Tower photo by Sara Cole, used by permission.

Moth program results

Our moth program with field guide author Seabrooke Leckie was a great success! We were a bit worried about the cool weather, but Seabrooke explained that many moth species overwinter as adults (rather than eggs, caterpillars, or pupae/cocoons). These cold-hardy species will fly in temperatures cooler than we were experiencing (in the mid-50s).

Seabrooke arrived in late afternoon, and we set up several sheets with different types of light (black light, mercury vapor). Moths are attracted to the lights and land on the sheets.

One of the sheet/light set ups.

We also soaked some rope in a mixture of red wine and brown sugar, and hung them out to attract species that feed on nectar and sap (many adult moths, however, do not eat at all). This mix should really be allowed to ferment, so we didn't have luck with that.

Stinky, sticky wine rope hanging from wood shed.

Seabrooke started out with a short presentation focusing on moths in the environment.

Then our group of about 30 people made the rounds of the sheets and collected moths in clear pill bottles. These were brought back into the building where Seabrooke identified them.

Seabrooke also helped my husband Darrin identify some photographs he had taken the last few years.

 
Our friend Don Sherwood has been raising silkworm moths. He brought along this Luna Moth to show everybody. I think this is probably one of the most beautiful moths in the world!

Here is our list of moths that came to the lights, with links to the species or genus at BugGuide, a great online resource for insect identification. Some very tiny moths ("micromoths") were only identified to genus.

The Curve-toothed Geometer. We released
all the moths at the end of the night.

1. Unicorn Prominent (Schizura unicornus)
2. The Gem (Orthonama obstiptata)
3. Celery Leaftier (Udea rubigalis)
4. Palmerworm Moth (Dichomeris ligulella)
5. Featherduster Agonopterix (Agonopterix pulvipennella)
6. Confused Woodgrain (Morrisonia confusa)
7. Acleris sp.
8. Common Acleris (Acleris subnivana)
9. The White-Speck/Armyworm (Mythimna unipuncta)
10. Dusky Groundling (Condica vecors)
11. Olive-and-black Carpet (Acasis viridata)
12. Epinotia sp.
13. Eupithica sp.
14. Bent-line Carpet (Costaconvexa centrostrigaria)
15. Curve-toothed Geometer (Eutrapela clemataria)
16. Red-banded Leafroller (Argyrotaenia velutinana)
17. Gray-banded Leafroller (Argyrotaenia mariana)

There were also a couple of "get-aways" and some that flew near the sheets that we didn't catch.

Thank you Seabrooke for an excellent evening!

Julie Craves and Seabrooke Leckie.